쿬 (ɫᡫ 쿬 ǽѬӫ)
ӫѡ
1868
ѡ ӫѡ
6
ߴ ӫѡ
5
ԫ ӫѡ
ᡬ-߬ ., .߬ ѽ
꼻ԫ
꼻ԫ 쿬 II ١ ԫ ǽѬ III ӫߴ ѡ
ἴԿ .
ġ ٽ "ѡ " ԫ Ὣ ߫ٮ Իԫ
. ġ ߫ѡ ѽ ٬Ἷ: ߬, ᡵҺ߬,
߬ Ѽѵ, ᬪ ӿ߬ ѡ
ẫ Ҭ ӫ߫ӫ , ӫ ԫ, ߡѽ
ᬫߴ Կ ѡ ѽ.
߬ ߽Ҫѡ ٽ ߡ
. ġ , ԫ ѡ ɫ߿ Ѫ Ѽ, ԫ
ԫ ޡ.
7/20 Ӵ 1894. ߬ߴ ԫ ǽѬ III ԫ һ 쿬 ǽѬӫ
ԫ 쿬 II. Ѻ ѽ, 14/27 Ӵ ٽ ѡ
ӿ߫ ǽ߫ ѡ-Ӽ߬, ӿѮ ߽ ѡѼ
ǽѬ ӫ. ٽ ߬ѽ Ҫټ Ҽӽ ԫ
ѡ, ԫ ѡ ߫ Ѽ ѽ Ἷ
߬ ӿ 17 1918.
ū 쿬 II ٽ ᡫӫ Ӵ ߬ :
ѫ߿ , ū߬, ӫ߬, ѽӫ߬,
ӿ Ӽѡ, ӫ߿ ū, ſԿӿ ߬, ᡡ ƫ߬. ٽ ᡫѡ
Ӭ .ǡ ߬ ӫ߿ 濡߬.
쿬 II ɫ߿ Կ Ὣ ߵ
ݬ߬, ҽӡ ԡѡ.
ᬫ ԫ Ѽ Ѫ Ѽ Ի ߽
"ټ, ẫᡡټ ".
ū߬ : "Ѽ ߬ Ӵ ߫ ߽
, ѽ ߽ Ӭ, Ѽ
Ὣ Ӵ. ٽ ߫ѡ Ҫ, ѡҪټ, ޡ,
Ѽѡټ. ի ԫ ԫ ߿, ߫ѡ
ҪὫ ѽ".
ԫ ߫ѡ ߴ
Ὣ ӫ . Ҭ Ӵ Ѽ
.
7 ( ..) 1917. ٽ ߬ ѽ (. )
ԫ ѡ һѡ. ߽үڿ ѡ ӫ
Ӵ, ӫ ѡٮ ҡ. ẫߴ
櫽߬ ѻԫ, Ѭ ѻѡ ߫
. 佴 ѡ ҡ 13 ٽ
ӫ, Ѻ, ԫӫ , ٽ Ӫ ߬. ,
2/15 1917., Ѭߴ ԫ
´ ǽѬӫ. Ӵ 15 ỿ: "
ѡ, ߫ ". ߽үڿ ѡ 쿬 II ӡҽߴ
߽ ӿ.
ᬫ ´ ǽѬӫ ԫ ӿ ӫ
Կ ѡ ѽ ߫. տ ɫ߿
ɫ
1
Ҫ ӿ
ǽѬ (ɫᡫ ǽѬ ӫ)
2
ѵ ѽ
Ľ (ɫᡫ Ľ 쿬)
3
ѵ ѽ
Կ (ɫᡫ 쿬)
4
ѵ ѽ
ӿ (ɫᡫ ӿ 쿬)
5
ѵ ѽ
ǡ߿ (ɫᡫ ǡ߿ 쿬)
6
ѵ
ǽѬ߿ (ɫᡫ ǽѬѮ 쿬)
ԫ
꼻ԫ 쿬 II
ѡ ѡ
ѡ ѡ
ѡ ѡ
꼻ԫ 쿬 ǽѬӫ
꼻ԫ 쿬 II
꼻ԫ 쿬 II
߬ Ѽ
[
1
]
ӫ߬ ., .߬ ѽ
1917
ѡ
22
ߴ
3
21 ѽ Ѽѡ ѽ ӿٽ
Կ߬ Ӵ, ۴ Ѽ, ԫ ӫԫ
߫ӫ ߬ ѽ, ߽үڿ ѡ ѡ. ӡ
۴ ӯ ѡ Ѽ.
Կ ߬ Ѽ ӿѪ ѡ߬, Ӵ ԫӫ
ٽ Ѫѡ ѡ 諼߿ ߽ ѴѽԿ
߬ Կ
ᬽѡ
ӫ߬ ., .߬ ѽ
1917
ѡ
22
ߴ
3
1917
ѡ
14
ߴ
8
ѡ߬ ٽ Ѫ ߫Ӫ ߬ Ѽ, ԫӫ
ԫᡡ ٽ ӫ ޡ ߬ѽ߬ ӵ,
ٽ ߫ԡ ѡ, ѻ߬ ѡ.
Ӵ ٽ ԫ Ҽѡ.
ƫ߬
1917
ѡ
19
ߴ
8
1918
ѡ
26
ߴ
4
Ѭԡ Ѽѡ ѽ ѡ ٽ ѺԿ
߬ү Ѽ ƫ߬, ӫ. ߴ Ѽ ٽ ѡ
Ѽ ӡԫ߬ , ԫٮ ᡴ Ӵ ߫.
ū߽ Դ߬ ӫ ٽ ԫ , ӿ
߬ Ѽ, ԫ ٽ ѮѼ ѽ.
22 ѽ 1918. ƫ߬ ӿٽ Ѻᮡټ
ѽ ѡѼ ѺԿ ߬ү
Ѽ. ᬫ, ߬ ԫ Ѽ ѽ ߽ ǽѬѮ,
߫߿ߴ ԫ, ԫ ߫ Ӵ ế ѽ
١ ѽү 衴 ӿ 쿬. ѽ ,
, ٽ Ӵ ߬. ᬫ ԫ ᮡٮ ӿ
Ҭ ӿ߬ ӫ ӫ.
Ѻ Ѻ ӿ, ٽ ԡټ Ҭ
۴ѡ ᬫ, ߬ իѽ Կ Ӵ .
ūѺ ٽ ѻѡ Ҫѡټ Ӵ ߡӼѮ,
ӿ ӿ
ӿ,
1918
ѡ
30
ߴ
4
1918
ѡ
17
ߴ
7
߫ ԡἿ ٽ ѡ һ , ѡ
ӿѺ Ӵ ѡ ի. Ѻ ߬ Ѯ ( ѡ Կѽ 쿬)
ӿ߫ ѡ ߬ Ѽ. ߬ ѼѮ
쿬 ǽѬӫ (50 ), ١ ǽѬ ӫ (46 ),
ӿ Ľ (23 ), (21 ), ӿ (19 ), ǡ߿ (17 ) ߽ ǽѬѮ (14 )
߫Ӫ: ԫ ѡ Ԭ, Ѯ һ, ӿԫ, ԡ ެ
ǡ Ѽ, ߬ ѡ ѫ .
ᡴ
Ӵ, ߫ѡٮ ԡ . ߽ ѡԫ
ѽ ῼ ӫ߬ .ῡ߬
ƫ߬ ., ߽ ѡ ߬ ԡ ߫
ӫ Կ Կ. ӫ߬ ѡ Ӵ Ѭԫ,
ԫ ӫ ٽ ѡἿ.
忺 ߬ Ѽ ٽ ԫ Դѽ: , ի ,
ӫҽ 1520 ., ѡ . ѽ ߽
ӫ Ӵ ӿߴ ѡ Իѡ . ѵ ᡡ ԫӫ,
߽Ҫ ߬ Ѽ, ߽ 14
ѽ. . ᡡ ߬: " ѡ ѽѡ
ӫ " ټ һ". ūѼ-ԫ ԫ ᬫ (.
߿ Үӫ) ԫ ӫѡ ѽ , ,
߬ ѡٮ ᬿ һѡѼ , ѽ, ߽,
ԫ ԫ ѡ ѡ Ѽ ɫᡫ Կ ѡ..."
14 ߬ ӿ Կߴ ⫽Ѭ, ٮ ,
ٮ , ߬ Կ. ⫽Ѭ
ԡ ѡ . ԫ ѡ
ԫ ѽ ߬ Ѽ
諡
1918
ѡ
17
ߴ
7
ԫ իӫѡ
ԡԿ ӿ
ѽ , ᡡ ߬ Ѽ ӫ :
"߫ 12 ( 16 17 1918.) ѡ ӫ߬
߬ү Ѽ. 쿬 II ѼѮ , ᬪ ԫ ӿ߽
, ѽ, Ҽٽ, ӿѽ Ѻ Ѽѡ 11 ѽѬ
. ٽ ԫ ᬫ ߡԿ
. ա Կ ԡ, Ѯ
. 쿬 II Ҭ ١ ١ ǽѬѴ. Կ ,
, իүߴ ӻ . Ѭԫ ѽ ߫
ެ, ӡ ߽ ެ. Ѽ ѡ ӫ߬ ӿ
ӿԿ ҽ. ӿ߽ ӿ ҽ. ԫ Ѽѡ ߫ ạѡ
Ҫ ӿٽ ѡ Ѻᮡ ߽ѡ ߿, ,
Һ ߽, ٽ Ӽᬫ, , ( ɫᡫ), ӫ
-߬ , , Ѽ ߫Ѽ ԡٮ (ҵ Ӫ,
ԫ ӿ ѽ ߬ Ѽ ӿ 髮). 諼ѡ ӫ߬,
ڡ (쿬ҽ) Կ Կ , Ҫ
ի ߬ Ѽ. ߽ ի ԫ ,
ٽ ߬ Ѽ, Ѽ Ѯ (.. ᡡ ߬ ᵿԿ),
ӿ ٽ ԫ , ߫ .
(߿Ѽ ) ٽ ӫ ӫ߬ Ҫ Ҭ ի
Ѽ Ѯ, , ѡ ߽ѡ ߿, Ἣ
ӫ߬ ڡ, ٽ ӫᡫ ӫ,
ӫ߬ ԡ Ѽ, . ӫ ԫ,
ӫ߬ ٽ ӿ Һ. ᬿ ẫ, ߫Ὣ
22 ѽѬ: 11 Ѫڿ ѽ ( ѫ ӫ߬ 16
ӿ ѽ ) 11 ѽѬ ҪѼ, ԫ
.
ҽ ѽ һ 쿬 II, 쿬 II ١ ǽѬѮ,
ԫ ѡ, ӿѼ Ѽ ٽ .
ӫ߬ Դ ߬ ѽ Ѽ, , ߫
߬ Ѽ: "ի, , ӿ ҽ, ԫӫ Ѯ,
߽ ѽ, ߽ޡ ".
ġ, , ѽ ԫ ի ߽ ѽ ѽ
Ҫ ѽ ԡ ߬ ӫ߬, ԫ ѽ ߽ޡ.
ѽ , ի ߬ Ѽ, ԫ Ҫ ٽ
ѽ Ѫ , ạ ѡ, ٽ ӫ,
ӿѼ ӫ ٽ , "ѡἿ": , ߬ѡѼ ١ Ӵ ǽѬѴ
ٽ, -, Ҫ . ǽѬѮ ԫ. ӫ߬
ӿ ӿ Ѽ, , ѽ ǽѬѴ , ԫ ԫ
ԫ ...".
1920. ỿ߬ ѽ ߬ Ѽ ỿ ѽ
ӫ߬. ġ , ԫ ѽ ӫ "-ӿ ".,Դ ӿᡫ ٽ
ѽ Ӵ ٽ ѽѡ Ѫ Ἷ,
ǽѬѴ 쿬, ѽ ѡ Ѽ ӿ "ӿѽ",
٬", , - ,
ӫѡ Ӵᡡټ ѡԴ (߬ Ѽ Ҽ, ԫ .
ԫ). "Ӵ ԫ ߴ ӫ, ӫӬ (һ
ҽ ..), ".
һ ٽ ԫ Ѻѡ ᮫ 諻Դ.
ū ѡ ߽ѽ 櫬, һ ٽ Ѻ, ߽ԫ
߫ѡ ԡԴ ӫѡ ӫ .
ᬫ, ߫ߡ ỿ߬ ӫ߬, ߽ ߬
ԫ, 19- һ ٽ իӫѡ Ѯ
ԫӫ , իڿߴ 9- ߬߬ . ߴ ӫ߬, "Ѭ ٽ ߫ѡ
ԫ իӫѡ ѽ ".
Ѽ ѡ, ߽ ԫ իӫѡ, , ٽ ѡ. ū ѡ
ݬԫ, ӫ ѡԿ߬ү ݬԿ ᡬ, ᡫѡ,
ԫ ߴ ᡬἿ ߬ Ѽ.
ӫ. ū߬ : ", ԫ ӫ Ѽ ѼѮ,
ӫ ѽ߬ . ߬ Ѽ ѽѡ,
߬ѽ, ӿԫ".
ѽ ԫ ߽ ѡ ӫ (쿬): "ӫ ѽ,
߫ Կߴ, "
ᡫᵿ
1
ԫ ӡٮ 쿬 II
Ѽ ᡫӫ
Ѵ ӫ ӫ߬ ǡԫ
ԡԿٮ ԫ ӫ߬ ѻտ.
ɣ, 5-:
Ѽ ѡ, Һ ẽٴ,
ӫԬ ӻѽ ߿, ѽ ӿ
Կ ӵ, ԫӻ ѽ ѡᡡٮ
ӯ 쿬, ѡ߬ ѡѼ ѡߴ
ӿѯ, , ߽ ӿԫ ,
Կ ɫ߿߬ү, Կ .
, 6-
Ѫ Ӵ ѡ ӿѯ ߽ Ҭѻ,
Ѯ ӿ, ڿ Կ,
Ἷ, , Ү .
䡿 ἴԿ
ٮ Կ
04.07
ٮ Կ
17.07
ѡ ѡ߬ (1918.)
2
ԫӻѵ 꼻ԫ 쿬 II
20/08/2000
Ѽ ᡫӫ
տѮ߬ ߬ ߽ Ӭ, 1316 2000.
䡿 ἴԿ
ѡ ɫ߿߬
߬ѡ, 25.01/07.02
ᵿ
1
櫬 .. ߬ Ѽ. .: ӿ, 1990.
2
ѡ߬ 꼻ԫ 쿬 II/ 櫯 ѽѮ ἴԿ 꼻ԫ 쿬 II. .; ӿ, 1993.
3
ҵ . ߬ Ѽ. .: ƫӿ ߬ , 1992.
4
ū߬ ., ӫԫ. ѡ ɫ߿߬. ., 1994. ѻ. . . 19491957. (䪫). .1.
.253.
5
Ѵ Ѯ ѡ pտpѮ߬ p ߬ p߽ p ߫p p߽ѡ ѡ ɫ߿߬ XX Ѭ. ߬, 1216 2000.
(c) . ҽ