Ԭ ѡ
ӫѡ
1865
ѡ ӫѡ
27
ߴ ӫѡ
5
ԫ ӫѡ
ᡬ-߬ ., .߬ ѽ
ѵ
߬ Ѯ-
߬ Ѽ.
ɫߴ 27 /8 1865. ߬ ѽ Ѽ ԡ ߬ ,
Ѯ- ԫӫ ǽѬ II ǽѬ III ӫ߫
-տ߬ Ѽ Ѵ ӫ Ԭ һ
ǡ߿ (ӫѡ ٽ).
Ԭ ӫի һ߬ Կ, ѽ ԫӫ Խ
߽ ӫ ӿѽ, ߽
Ӭ ԫ Ἷ, Ἷ.
Ӵ Ҽ ᡡ ߿Ѽ Ѽ ӫ Ѭ
ӫѽѮ ѡ Ҫ ߬ ٽ Ὣѡ ӫѽ,
ԫ ߽ ѽ, ߬ӫ ѻӿԿ ߿.
߽ :
"ġ ٽ ߬ ټ. ٽ ߬, ԫ ӿѽ
Ѯ ԫ, ԫ ߫".
ѡ ߡѽ ޡ ẫ, ԫӫ Ѽ
1878. һ ٮ 2- ᡬ-߬ ߿߬
ế
ԫ
ٮ -ԫӻѵ ѡ Ԭ. ꬫ.
Ѯ- Ԭ ѡ
Ѯ- Ԭ ѡ
Ԭ ѡ ѼѮ
[
1
]
ẫ
߬ ߿, -ѼԿ߬ ҽ
һѡ
1882
1882. ѡ ế ѡԫ -ѼԿ߬
ҽ ᡬ-߬ ҡ߿.
ᬫ Ҫ ߽үڿ , ݬѡ ٮ ҡ߿,
һ ѽѡ ԫ ԫ Ԭߴ ӿԫѽ
ԫ߬ ѡ-߬ ǬѼ
ѡ-߬ ǬѼ
1889
߬ ӫ߿ Ἣ ߿ ߫ᡡٮ ѽѡѡٮ
. Ԭ ѡ:
"ӫ߿Ѯ Ѯ . ԫ ߫Ὣ ӿ:
, Ӫ Դѽү , , ߵѽ
Ѻ ".
1889. ѡ ޡ Ѽ, ѬӴ ԽѼ
ӫ
ᡬ-
1895
ٮ ѡ Ԭ ߴ 1890. Կ -߿ѡ
ӿ߬ .
25 ѡ Ԭ һ ԫѡ
Ӵ Ľ ӫ Ү.
Ѽ Ԭ ӫ߽ ӫ Ѯ: 伿ӿ (18941914), ѫ (18951941),
(18981986), (19001969).
1892. ѡ ӿӡ ѽ.
Ѽѡ ԫ ..Ԭ ߴ Ҭ, ߫
ӫ ҡ, ڡԿ ӫ Ѯԫ ڿԡ
Ӽѡ ݽѼѡԫ ӫ.
1893. ..Ԭ Դ ڿԿ ᵿ ѻѡ ԫ .
ټ ѡԫ ڿ ٽ ٮ ѽ߬
.
1894. ..Ԭ ӡҽߴ ӿ߬
Ӽ, .Ѯѽ, .ӽ
1895
1897
Ѻ ..Ԭ ټ ѽ, ߴ ڿ ӫѮ߬
ѡ, ᬫߴ ӫ ӽ߬ , ӫի Կ
߬ Ѫѡ Ѯѽ ӽ
ᡬ-
1897
1904
1897. ..Ԭ ٽ ԫѡ ӿ-ѡ ѡ Ѻ
.
Ѯ Ѭ ѡ-߬ ǬѼ ߬ ѡ
Ἣ ᪡ ѴѽԿ :
"ūѼ ѽѬ, ԫ ߴ,
Ѽ Ѻټ".
Ҫѡ ѡ Կ ӿԿ߬ ѽѼ,
ѽ ѽٮ Ѻ, ѽ ټ ߫ԫѼ ѽѬ.
Ѽ ١ ѫ ế ԡѡ ӫ߿
Ѯ ѼӫԿ:
"ٮ ԫ, ԫٮ Ѽ ѽ... ᬽߴ ԫ,
ԫ ԫ ӫ ӫԿ
ᮡ ѡ , ӿѼ ߽ߴ ѽ߫ạ
ӼѮ Ѯ ӫ".
1897. ..Ԭ ү Ѵѽ ڿ
ɫ߿߬ ߡ .
19 Ӵ 1897. ԫ-ӫ ڿ ,
1 Ӵ 1899. ᬪ ټ ᡬ-߬ ڿ
.ѫ.
ټ ᵿѡἿ ڿ .ѫ Ѯ ߽
, ᬫ ߽Ҫڿ ߫ Ѯ ߫ѡ
ѽ. Ѭԫ ѡڿ ߽߫ ӫټ
Ἷ ڿ ߡ ԡټ ԫ ᡴԿ.
߫ ӿ ᬫ ѡ, ᬫ ѽ ڿ
, ԫ ѫ ӿԿ߬ ڿ.
ƫ , ԫ ѡ ӿ ԫ "ẵ Ѫѡ",
ѽ ԫ ӫѼ ԫӿ ,
ӿԿ߬ ӫѽ ӫӴ .
䫽 ڿ ѡ ԫ ߫ѡ
үѼ ѽѬ
ԫ, ӫ ߬-߬
1904
ѡ
2
ߴ
2
1905
1904. ߬-߬ , ѡ , ѡ
ѡ Ѯ (Ѽ ٽ ԫ Ѽ 10 , Ѽ 4 ),
ӫѼ Իߴ ԫ.
2 ὴ 1904. ᡫѡѼ һѡ ɫ߿߬
ߡ ٽ ạѡ ڡ һѡ ӿ Ѯүڿ
Ӽ ߬ Կ.
ԫ ߫ү Կү , ԫ Ԭ ԫ
իߴ .
Ѽ ѡ ԫ Ѭߡټ ,
ӫ ӫ Ҫ.
Խ ٽ ѡ ѡἿ, ԫ ߽ ټ ߬
ᡬ-
1905
1908
ѡ
13
ߴ
4
ѡ 1905. ѡ Կߴ ӿһ ѻѽ߬
Ѽ.
Ѽ, ỿᡡ ..Ԭټ ӫ, ߫ ѽ
" ѡ ߬-߬ 19041905 ". ߬ ٽ
, , ӫ , Ԭٽ ԫӫ
߬ : ӿԿ߬, , Ѻ ߫ѽ
ѻү .
1907. ߽ Կ ԫ ߬ Ѽ
Ѻ Ѯ-. 꼻ӿ ǽѬ ѫӫ, ӫ ..Ԭ,
ѽ, ԫ ټ ԫӫ ߬ Ѽ ..Ԭ.
Ѯ- ٽ Ἣ 꼻ӿѮ, ԫ
ӫ, իѽ Կ Ѯ-, Կ:
"Ԭ". Ѯ ߬ ԫ, ԫ Ѯ ᬫ ԡ
Ԭ, ߬: "ƫ, ԫ ٽ !"
ᡬ-߬ (ӫ߬) ., .߬ ѽ
1908
ѡ
13
ߴ
4
1917
ߴ
5
߬ѡ, 13 ѽ 1908. -ԫ 쿬 II
Ҭ ạѡ ԫ Ԭ Ѯ- ߫ .
ū߽ ạѡ, ѡ ѡ ٽ ԫ իߴ
ӿ ԫ ѡ Ѽ, ߽Ҫ ӿ ߬ ӫѬ
Ѻ ի Ѯ Ի߬.
Ԭ ٽ Ѯ ᵿѡ 쿬 II ӿ .
ᡡ Ѯ- ի ѡ ѡ ߬ Ἷ, ԫ
ѽ ߬һҽѺ ٻ. ӿի ߽ Ӵ,
ѻ ӫѼ, ѽ ѡ, ạټ ߬
Ѭ. ټ Ѭԫ ߿ ѡ ٽ
ǽѬѮ, ѼѮ.
߫ ߬ Ѽ ѡ ..Ԭ.
ġ ߴ ᬿ ټ ѽټ , ᬿ ٽ .
ӫ , ѡ Կߴ ӫ
ӯ ӫ ѫᵿ ӡ ߽Ҫ.
ᬫ Ѽ ߴ ӿ ١ Դ ߬ ѽ,
Ԭߴ .
߬ ѽ ѡ ᬪ ӫ
ѡ, ԫٮ ١-꼻ӿ .
1917. ɫ߿ ӫ . 2
ѡ ԫ
ӫ߬ ., .߬ ѽ
1917
ߴ
5
߬ Ѽ ٽ ԫ ᬽѡ ǽѬӫ߬ ӵ.
ѡ ѡ ᵿѡԫ: ӫ
իߴ , Ӵ ԫ, ԫ ٽ һѡ,
Ѽ ٻ Ὣ
ᬽѡ
ӫ, ߬ ѽ, ǽѬӫ߬ ѵ
1917
ߴ
5
1917
ѡ
14
ߴ
8
ѡ իߴ Ѯ ߬ ѽ ߬ ѼѮ.
ᬫ-ԫ Ѽ ٽ Իѡ Ѻ Ԭ.
ԫ Ѽ Ԭ ѡ Һ , Ѽ :
ᡡ ٽ Ѫ 꼻ԫ߬ ѼѮ Ἷ,
իҴ Ҫ.
߬ү Ѽ ٽ ѡ ѺԿ ƫ߬, ԫ Ԭ ߴ
Ѽ ӿѡ, ԫ ӫ ߽ Ѽ
ٽ
ƫ߬
1914
ѡ
19
ߴ
8
1918
ѡ
26
ߴ
4
ſ ..Ԭ ƫ߬ ӿԿ߬ ӫѡѼ:
߽ ӫ, Ҫѡ, , .
ԫ ԫ ٽ ӫ߽ :
"ūӪ ԫ Ӵ Ѻ һ
, ѿѡ ߡټ Ե Ѽү".
ԫ Ѽ ӫ ٻ ᡡԿ: ԫ ѡ
߬ Ѽ, ӫ ӫ. ѡٮ, ߴ ,
߬, Կ ݽԫ ɫ߿, ѡ ߽Ҫ,
Ѽ߬ ӫ߬ , ӫټ , ߫, .
ѽ 1918. ԫ Ԭ ٺߴ ߫ӫ ߬ү ӿ,
ƫ߬ ӫ Ѯ, ԫ Ӵ Ѫ .
Ԭ Ѻ Ե ƫ߬:
" ԫ ٽ ᬿ Ӵѡ, Ἣ , ߽,
ԫ ѽ , ѵ ۴, ԫ . "
Կ?" ӫ߿ ѽ, ԡѡ
Ҫߡ , ԫ ѵ Ѫ ẽҬ Ἷ.
ԫ ѵ Կ, ԫ ԫ
ѽ. ѽ ߽Ѻ ٽ ӫ ߫ѡ ӿ"
ӿ
1918
ѡ
30
ߴ
4
1918
ѡ
17
ߴ
7
ӿ ߡ ߽ ԫᡡ,
Ԭ. Ѭ .߬ ߫:
"髫 Ѽ ߽ ӿ ٽ ߽ ѽ
, ԡԿ Ӵ . Ԭ.
Ԭ . ġ , ԫ ի ѽ Ѽ. Ԭߴ".
ӿ Ѻ Ԭ ԯѼڿἿ
Ὣ߫.
ӫ ڿ ߬ Ѽ, ѡ ߬ү Ѽ,
ԫ Ѽ ߴ ᬽѡ.
Ѽ ߽Ѽ Ѽ ᬽѡ ԫ Ԭ :
"...髫, ߽ " Ѻ ѽ ", ԫ ѽ Ѻ ,
߽ ѽ ӿ߫ , ԫ ԫ Ҫ ߫ Կ
Ѯ. ᬿ Խ, Ѽ Դѽ ... ߴ ...
ѽ Կߴ ԫ " ߫", " Ѽ".
ԫ ߽ ѡ, ߴ
Ѯ ټ ߿ӫἿ, ԫ ٮ ..."
16 17 1918. ߬ Ѽ, ӿѡ, ԫ ߽
ԫ Ԭ, ٽ ѽ .
߬ Ѯ ѡ Կҽ ԫѡ
Ӵ. 佴 :
"ӫ, ӡ, ".
Կ ߽ ߬ѡӿӫ ѡ Ѽѡ
ԫ Ԭ. ѡ Կ, Ἣ ѡ
߽Ҫѡ Ѽ, ѻ ᡡ ߬ Ѽ ӡ
ừ ԫѽ, ӡ Կ.
ү ӡ ӿѼ ү ү,
ߡү :
ѡ Կ, ѡѵ (Ԭ. 2, 10)
諡
1918
ѡ
17
ߴ
7
ѽ
ԫ
ӿ,
ԫ իӫѡ
ԡԿ ӿ
ѽ ߬ ѼѮ ӿ
( ѽ ѡ "䫼 ߫ ạѡ").
Ԭ Ҽ . ӿ "ӿѽ".
1981. ѡ Ԭ ٽ ᡫӫ
ѽټ ӿ ߬ ߽ Ӭ Ѯ.
7 ὴ 2016. ѡ Ӭ ߬,
--ӫ ӿ ߫ԫ ѵӬ ӫ߽ѡ
-ԫӻ ѡ Ԭ
ᡫᵿ
ٮ -ԫӻѵ ѡ Ԭ
07/02/2016
Ѽ ᡫӫ
տѮ߬ ߬ ߽ Ӭ 23 ὴ 2016.
䡿 ἴԿ
1
ٮ Կ
04.07
ٮ Կ
17.07
ѡ ѡ߬ (1918.)
2
ѡ ɫ߿߬
߬ѡ, 25.01/07.02
ᵿ
16/10/2009
Ѽ Կӫ
ѡӫ ɫ߿
ū ѻ߿
1918
ᵿ
1
櫬 .. ߬ Ѽ. .: ӿ, 1990.
2
ѽ . (ӫ. Ԭ). ߬ Ѽ ߽ . .: ǡ, 1993. 208.: .
3
濡 , Ҽѡ, Һ ߽ ѡ-Ӭ߽ҪѽѮ Ӵ ᡬ-߬ ѻտ: ԫԿ. ., 1999.
.31.
4
濡 , Ҽѡ, Һ ߽ ѡ-Ӭ߽ҪѽѮ Ӵ ᡬ-߬ ѻտ: ԫԿ. 2- ѡ. ., 2002. 280.
.67.
5
ᡬ-߬ Կӫ. .: - "", " Կѽ ߿ ѽ", 2002. 416.
.67.
6
ſ ѡ ѡ ԫѡ. ., 1996.
.452.
7
ѡӿ "Ҫѽ ӫ ѽὫ ԫߡټ"// ߬ ߽. 1997. 2026 ὴ. N 4162.
.16.
8
ٮ ߬߬ ӿ. ߬ ߽ Ӭ.
9
߽ . 3.02.2016. " ӯ ԡ ߽ ߴ ӿ Ѽ , !".
(c) . ҽ