Ǽӫ ūӿ ᡫ
ԫ ӫѡ
߬ .
ӫԫѮ
ӫի ӿ ѡ߬ ӫ Ǽӫ.
ԫ ӫ ԡ߿: ӫ ߬ , տѻ߬ ߬
ǡԫ, ӫ߫ ի ǬѼ, ӫ߬ ū
߿ Ǽӫ, ӫ߫ ߬ ի ǬѼ, ߡ
ӫ߿߬ Կ Һ Ǽӫ . ѡ߽Ҫѽ
ɫߴ Ѽ ᬫ ᡡ Ǽӫ ެ ߬.
ūӿ ٽ 쿬, ߽ ӫԫѮ ԫѽ ,
߬ 1918.
ԫ
ӫԫѮ Ǽӫ ūӿ ᡫ
[
1893-1894.
]
[
1894-1919.
]
ẫ
߬ ի Ѽӿ
1887
Ҫѡ
߬ ., .ѽӫ, ѽӫ߬ ի
䫽 ѻѽ ӿԫѽ , ѻѽ ԫ ( 1891.)
1890
ѡ
5
ߴ
2
1894
ٽ ӫ, ѽټ, ټ ѽټ ѽѼ
Ҭѡ
Ѯ
1894
ߡ [
2
] Ҭѡ 1895.
Ҫѡ
߬ ., .ѽӫ, -ū߬ ѽ, 쿬߬ Ӭ
Ѯ
䫽 ѻѽ ߬ Ӭ-߽߬ ٬, ԫ ( 1896.)
1895
1898
ѡ
20
ߴ
11
߬ ., ѽӫ߬ ., . (.ѽ߬)(ӿӫ .ѽӫ), ԫѡ߬ Ӭ
Ѯ, ӫԫѮ
䫽 ѽ . Ѻ իѡ, ѽ ѻտ Ѻ, . ѽӫ߬ ߿߬ Ҫ, ƫӿ . ѽ. ߬ ߿߬ , үڿ Ӭ.-ӿ. ެ
1898
ѡ
21
ߴ
11
1913
Ӭ . իߴ ӡٮ , ӿ Ӭ, ѡ
, ԫ ԫ ѽ . ١ ӿѬ
Ὣ, ߬ ӿ ԫ, .ūӿ Դ ߽ ӫ Ӵ, Ӻѡ
ѡ, ڿ. ԡ
ӫ ѽ Ѻ.
.ūӿ ߴ ӫԿѽ߬ ߿߬ Ѵѽ.
ѽ ѬἿ "ҡ". ǬԿ Կ
ӿ ӫ߽ѡ ѽӫ߬ Կѽ .
.ūӿ ٽ ӫѡ ᡡӿѼٮ .
ӿ Կ ߬ ѻտ Ѯ ٮ
.
.ūӿ ٽ ѡ Ѽ Ѯ Դѽ.
ѡ Կެ Ӭ-ӿի߬ ެ, իԴ ٽ
ӫ ѽټ. ġ ٽ ѽѼ : ߽ Һ,
ԫ ԫ-ԫ , ԫ Ѻ ᴡ ߬
ӿԿ ӿԫ ᮡ. 忺 ߽ Ѽ ٽ ԫ Ѽ
ӫѮ. ġ ӿի, ٽ Խٮ ѵ
ѽ. ġ ѽ ԫү ߬ү ,
ӫ, ߬ӡ߽Ѽ ӫἿ. ū ѽ ӫ
Ѻ ߡ, Ҵ ѽ ӿ Ѫ ԫ ,
ѡ, ߴ. 쿬 , ӫ, Ѽ ,
Ѽ ѽߴ. ӫ ߫ ԫӫ ɫ߿ ӿѺὫ ԯެ,
Ѻ ѡ.
.ūӿ ٽ ѡ, ެ Ľ ɫᡫ.
1915. (߫ߡ [
1
] 1914.) .ūӿ ạ
ԫѽѼ ѽӫ߬ ߫. 15 , ѡ ߬ѡ,
߫ ߽ . ӿի, ԯެ, ,
߬ ., .ѽӫ, ѡ߬-쿬߬ ߫
ӫԫѮ
䫽 ԫѽ, ѽ Ӭ-ӿի߬ ѽ, ѻѽ ᬫ ߬ ߽ߡԿ ѽӫ߬ ế
1915
ߴ
3
1919
ѽӫ .ūӿ ᬪ Դ ԡ ӿի
ѽ , ټ ߽ҪѡѼ ӫ 潫 .
߽ ӫ, (߽ Ѻ ),
.ūӿ ի ߿ , ߽Ҫѡ
Ӭ ӿԫ.
һ 1917. ѡԴ 1917. .ūӿ : " ӿ ԿѮ
Ѯ? Ѽ ӿ, Կ ӫ. , Ѭ
ѡߴ ԫ, ١ ߴ ᬫ: ӿ
ѼѮ, ѡ, ѡ. ừ
. ߯ ӿ , ѡ, ѽ; Ҵ Ѽ
Ѭҽ, ᪿ, ߴ ѡ ᬫ- ; Կ
ӫ߬ , ѽ ѽ; ѡ
ѿế. ӿ, Ἷ ٴ ӫ,
Կѽ ѽӫ߬ , Ү ߿
ү !"
ԡ߽ ߽ ߡ ӫ Ѯ ӿ
ԫ, ԫ ߬ ߴ .
.ūӿ ѡ Ľ ɫᡫ ٽ Ѽӫ Ѯ:
ѫ, ӿӿ, ߿, 쿬, ǡ, ǽѬ, Ľ
ӡ
ѡ
1910
Ѽ ѡ
߬ ѡ߬-ӫ ߿߬-ӫԿ.
ԡ .ūӿ ѽѬ Ѻᮡ Դѽ,
ӫ ѡ ӫѽ Ѻ: ѡ߬-
ӫ ߿߬ ѡ .ūӿ
ѡѪ ѡ ү ߿߬ Ե
ӫԫѿ ߡ ӫ߫ "... ѡ ūӿ Ǽӫ,
Ѽߴ , ѽѬ Ժ ѽ
, ߬ԡ, ѡ Ԭ, ế ӡ,
Ե Ǽӫ ѽ
߫ѫѡ"
߬ ., .ѽӫ
1919
ѡ
8
ߴ
1
7 Ӵ 1919. ٽ ԫ ѻ߬ ѽӫ߬ 쿬, ԫ ѡ
ѡ ӫ үڿ. 8 Ӵ ٬ 쿬 ٽ ߡ ԫ,
10 Ӵ ѽ. ӫԫѮ ūӿ ٽ ԫ Ѽѡ ѻ߬
Ҫѡ
.
/.
/1919
ӿ
ѽ
ӿի ߬ ߽ ỿ ӿҡ
ի ( 36 ߴ) .ūӿ: "ġ ӫ߽Ҫ
Ѽ 17 , ԫ ټ".
ѡ߬-쿬߬ ߫ ٽ ỿᡫ ߫ ի
.ūӿ 56 ӿի.
ެ Ľ ᬪ ỿ ӫѡ, ԫӫ ٽ ߬ᡫ, ԫ
ѽӫ߬ ߽Ѽ ѡ ӫԫѴ ūӿ
һ 5 ߴ Ѯ. ѡټ ի Ѽ ٽ Ὣ
ԯެ, ߫Ӫ ԫӫ ٽ ӫ Ѯ. ެ Ľ ӫ߿
Կ ѡ ѡ Ѽ Ե ӫԫѴ Ѻ һ
5 ߴ Ѯ.
ᬫ ӫѡ ٽ ѡ. ӿ ߽:
"ѽ ӫ ӫ ӫԿ ߬ Կ
ݽѼѡ ᬫ"
諡
1919
ѽ
ԫ
߬ ., .ѽӫ
ѽ ѽӫ ߬ ߽ , ѽ ٽ ѡ
Ҫѡ ߬ ӫ. , ԫ ѽ
ѡ ٽ ӫѡ ի ԫ ѡ Ӵ.
ѡ .ūӿ Ľ ɫᡫ Ҽӽ Ѽ ѡ.
Կ .ūӿ ᬪ Ҫ Ҽӽ. ū߽Ѯ Ҽӽ 1981.
ѫ ū. .ūӿ ٽ 10 Ҭ, ѡ
ѡ Ѽ ѽ ѡ
ᵿ
ū ѻ߿
1919
1.
衿 "ѡٮ ӡٮ ԫѡ߬ Ӭ .ѽ߬, ԫ, ѽӫ߬ Ѻ ߬ ӡ". 1903.
ᵿ
1
ū߬ ., ӫԫ. ѡ ɫ߿߬. ., 1994. ѻ. . . 19491957. (䪫). .2.
.195196.
2
ѡ ӫԫѮ ūӿ Ǽӫ (18661919)// ԡ Ӽ߬ ѻտ ߬ ߽ Ӭ Ѯ. N 4. 2002.
.2426.
ѽ
1.
Ưᡫ ѡ ӿ
ѽ ӿ߫ߴ , .ūӿ ӿ ӿ
ѽ, ᬪ ӿ ǽѬӫ ӫ
(c) . ҽ