ӡ߬ ߫ 쿬
ӫѡ
1860
ѡ ӫѡ
21
ߴ ӫѡ
5
ԫ ӫѡ
ӫ߬ ., ѻѵ ., .
ӫԫѮ
ѵ
߽, իٮ ѽ
ɫߴ Ѽ ѽ߬ ѡ 쿬 ᡫ ӡ߬.
ӫԫѴ ᡡ ӡ߬, ӫٮ ѻ߬ ſѡ (ѽ)
ɫ
1
ӫٮ ѻ߬
ſѡ (ѽ ӫ)
2
ӫԫѴ
߬ ´ Ѽѡ
3
ѵ
ӡ߬ 쿬 ߫
4
ѵ
ӡ߬ ߫
5
ѡ ӫԫѴ
ừ 鿬ԫ ǽѬӫ
6
ӫԫѴ
ӡ߬ 쿬
7
ӫԫѴ
٬
ԫ
ѡѡ ӫԫѮ ߫ ӡ߬. ꬫ.
ѡѡ ӫԫѮ ߫ ӡ߬. ꬫ.
ӫԫѮ ߫ ӡ߬ ᡡ ӫ߬
ӫԫѮ ߫ ӡ߬ Ѽ ( ١ ӿ߫ 쿬Ѽ)
ӫԫѮ ߫ ӡ߬
ԫ ӫԫѴ ߫ ӡ߬
߽ : ӫԫѮ ӡ߬ ߫ 쿬, ӫ߫ ..ѽ, ٬ ſѡ ѽ, 1916.
[
1898.
]
[
1898-1918.
]
ẫ
ӿ߬ ի
ӫ߬ ի Ѽӿ
ū߽ Ѽӿ, ѡ ٽ ߽ իү ǬѼ
ᡬ-߬ ի ǬѼ
1885
߽
1885. իү ǬѼ ߫ ѻѡ ߽.
17 1885. ѡߴ Ѯ ѡ, ᬫ ᬿ߬
߫ ᡬ- 쿬 ᮽ ߬
Ҭѡ
Ѯ
1885
ѡ
28
ߴ
7
ԫ
ᡬ-
ԫ Ҭ
ӫ ӫ߬ ߿ (쿬߬)
ū߽ ի ǬѼ ٽ Ҭѡ Ѵ
Ѯ ӿ "ԫ " ӿ ߬ ӿ ӿ ѫ
Ľѡ߬. Ԭٮ, ѡ Ѯ ӫѽѮ,
ӿ ߽ Ҫ߬ Ѽ ѽѡ
ѡ߬ ế Һ٬ټ ѽѡѼ
Ҫѡ
ᡬ-, Ѯ ӿ "ԫ "
Ѯ
䫽 ᬫѽ
1885
1892
1888. .߫ ٽ ạѡ ѡ 諼 ߽ ߿߬
, 1890. ѡ ӫѡ ѽ-ѡ
ӫѡ ߽ Ӭ; 4 1892. ٽ ѽѼ
ԫ .
1891. ٽ ӿѡ ߿ ӫѽ Ӭ
ѻѡ ǡѴ ӿ߬ ӿ ج ԫѡ ѡ
Ҽ. 26 1892. ӫ ߽Ҫڿ ج ٽ ạѡ ԫѽѼ
ԫ
ᡬ-, Ӭ Ӽ.ǡѴ ӿ߬
Ѯ
䫽 ԫѽ
1892
ѡ
26
ߴ
8
1898
ѡ
14
ߴ
11
ӫԫѮ .߫ ӡ߬ ٽ ԡ ߬ ѡ.
ӿ ߫Ѯ .߫ Ԭٽ ա߬ ,
ẫ ѵ ج. .߫
Ѽѡ ᬫѽѼ.
1893. .߫ ٽ ߡټ .-߬ ӫ߬ Ҽ իѡ,
1917. ġ ӿ Կ ӫ ӫ Ѫ
, ߿ӫ߬ ӿԫ, ѽѡ; ᡬ- ԡԴ
ٽ ѡ 12 Ἣ, ٮ ޫ ߬ѡ ӿԫ
߬ . ӫ ԫ Ӭ ߡ, ӻ.
Ѫ߬ ߿߬ ҽ, ӻ. ӫ߬ ߬ ,
ѡ߬ ߬ ԫӫ, ߿߬ Ӭ, ߿ӫ-߬
.
1895 .߫ Ԭٽ ѽ ӿ .
8 1898. .߫ ٽ ߡᡫ ߽ ԫ߬
.߿ ߬
ߡٮ
ѡ
1895
Ҭѡ
ӫԫѮ
1898
ѡ
8
ߴ
6
ԫ
ᡬ-
ٽ ѡ ӫԫѴ " ү Ѻү Ѵѽ
ѽ ӫѡ ѽ-ѡ ӫѡ
߽ Ӭ ӫѡ Ἣ "
Ҫѡ
ᡬ-, Ӭ Ӽ.ǡѴ ӿ߬
ӫԫѮ
1898
ѡ
8
ߴ
6
1913
1899. ٽ Ԭ ԡ Ѭ- ѡ "..߫",
ԫӫ ټ Ѭԫӫ ԫӫ ӫԫѮ ߫ ӡ߬.
,߫ ٽ ԫӫ ѡӫ ԫ ի ӡὫ: "ᡬ-߬
իٮ ԡ" (. 1894.), " ӿԿ" ( 1901.), "߽-
߬ ߽" ( 1902.).
ū ߽ѡ տѻ߬ ߬ ߬ ǡԫ (߬)
.ᡡ ӫ߬, .߫ ӿѬ ӫ ѡԫ
ᡬ-߬ ի ǬѼ. ߬ ѡԫ-ӫ ߿
߬ (߽ ӫ ӫ߬ ߬ ѡἿ,
ѡѡ), ǽѬӫ ӫ (߽ ӫԫѮ, ѡѡ),
߿ ᡫ ѽ (ڿ Կѽ ӿ ƿի)
쿬 ӫ߬ (ڿ ӫ , 19431944. ӿ).
ԫ .߫ ӫ . .ᡡ ӫ߬,
ԫ ի ӫѡ ѡ-Ӭٮ Ѽѡ,
ӫ Ѯ߬ ߽.
Ѽ ӫ߬ ӫ߿ ߬ ѡ Ѯ Ѽ
ǡ ߬ӫ Ѽӿ. .߫, ѡ ᡡ ӡ߬
ѽ Ѽ ӫ߬ Ӵ. .ᡡ ԫ ӡ߬.
" ӿի .ᡡ, ߫, .߫, ,
Ѯ, Կ, , ի ߽,
Ҭ ѽ ".
1913. .߫ ٽ ạѡ ԫѽѼ ߬ ߫ ᡬ-
ᡬ-, ߬ ߫
ӫԫѮ
䫽 ԫѽ
1913
1918
ѡ
19
ߴ
1
Ѭߡټ ӫ߬ ӫ, .߫ ӿ
ӿ ẽڿ Ѯ . 1918. .߫
ڿ ١ ǽѬӫ-߬ , ӫ Ѯ ԡ ի ߫
Ἣ ԫ. ٽ ѽ Ҫ ѡ, ѡѡ
ӫԫѮ 欿ӫ (ἴ 19 Ӵ/1 ὴ).
1918. ӫ Կ ӿ ƿի. ѡ ӫԫѮ ߫ ӡ߬
ӿѺ ߬ ߫ӫ ӿ ӫ. ӿի ƿի
.߫ Һ ի Ҫ
ӫ
ӫ, ߬, 3
1918
ѡ
9
ߴ
8
Ѽ ӫ .߫ Կ ѡ
, ޫ ѡ ѡ.
ӡ߬ ٽ Ѽ ߴ Ѯ, ԫ
ѽ߬ ừ, Ѽ Կ. ԯެ, Ѵ
ү Ѽ, ѡ ߬ӫ. ѡ Ѯ,
ԫ ߽ , ӿ߿. Ѻ
Ҭ, ѽ ԫ ӫѽ Ἣ, ӫի ӫ Ҽ ѡ,
ԡ ӫ, ԫ ӫӼ Ѽ
ԫ ߡٮ 꼻ԫ߬ ѽ
ѡ
1903
ѡ
27
ߴ
3
Ѽ ѡ
꼻ԫ 쿬 II
ѡ . 3- ѻѡ
ѡ
1914
ߴ
5
ѡ ѡ Ӵ
ӫ, ߬, 3
1918
ѡ
9
ߴ
8
9 1918. .߫ Ҽ ١, 쿬Ѽ (4 18861918)
ӿ߫ (30 18871918) ١ ӫ (15 ὴ 18881918) ԫ
ѡ .ѽѿ. Ѽ ٽ ߫ѡ Կ ѡ.
ӿի ߴ ԫ ӫ ߬ ӫѬ ӫիү ,
Ҵ ѡ Ӵ. Ѭᵿ үڿ Ѭ ӿ,
ٻ , ҽ. .߫ ٽ ѡ ԯ
ӫ ӫ.
ū ѡ ӿ ߫ ɯ .߫ ٽ ԫ
"ߡټ ӫӫ". ԫ ߽ ߽Ҫѡ ѡڡ ҡ
(1 ) ١: 쿬Ѽ, ӿ߫ ӫ, ԫ
ٽ ѽ Ե.
ӫ ѡ .߫ ӡ߬ ҡ߬ ߴ ѽ
ӫ߬ 諼ҡ 翡, ѺѺҽԡ
Ҫѡ
ӫ߬
.
/08
/1918
ӿ
ѽ
諡
1918
ѽ
ԫ
ӫ, ߬
ƫ Ѽ ạ ᡫѡ. ū ѡ, ԫ Ѵ ߫ѡ
ѽ ѡ߬ ԫ, Ѫ 15 30 1918.,
30 ԴӴ 1918. .߫ ٽ ѽ ١ 30
ᬽѡټ Ἷ. ԫ ạ ի, ߬, ӫ,
ѻѬ ߬ Ѫ ټ ѡҼ.
߿ ѡ߬ .߫, ߡᡡ ԡ , իߴ
: Ҽ .
Ѽ, ѽ ᬽѡ, .߫ ӫ߿: " ߡ
١Ѯ?" ԯެ Կ: "١Ѯ". ū ѽ Ѯ, .߫
ѡ, ߴ. 佴 ѽ ԯެ ӫ ߡӼѮ.
Ԭ ѽ. ū ᮵, , ѡ ߡ ߿
ߴ ѡѬѡ ӵ, ᬪ Ԭ. ƫ ԯެ
ѽ ԡү ѽ һ.
ѽ ٽ ӫѡ .
, ԫ ѽ .߫ ٽ ӫѡ Ἷ ѡҼ,
, ᮬ
ᡫᵿ
ѡѡ ӫԫѮ ߫ ӡ߬
20/08/2000
Ѽ ᡫӫ
տѮ߬ ߬ ߽ Ӭ, 1316 2000.
ԫ
߬ ѻտ
ɣ, 5.
Կ Ѽӫ , ԫ ߫,/
ߴ Կ ߽ ߿ ѡ ӿ,/
Կ Դ Ӵ ./
, ,/ Ѭ ߿ Ѻᬫ/
߫ 쿬Ѽ ӿ߫,/ Ѽ ١ Կ ߴ:/
ѽ ڿ ἴ
䡿 ἴԿ
1
ѡ ɫ߿߬
߬ѡ, 25.01/07.02
2
ٮ Կ
31.05
ٮ Կ
13.06
ᵿ
1
ū߬ ., ӫԫ. ѡ ɫ߿߬. ., 1994. ѻ. . . 19491957. (䪫). .1.
.184.
2
ٻ ., ӫ. ԫӿ ߬ Ӭ, 19171997. .9. ., 1997.
.53.
3
濡 , Ҽѡ, Һ ߽ ѡ-Ӭ߽ҪѽѮ Ӵ ᡬ-߬ ѻտ. XX ԫԿ. ., 1999.
.82.
4
ǡԫ .., .. ١ ᡬ-. ԫӿ-Ӭ ݡ ԫ. .2. .: ѽ ӡ, 1996. 328 .
.278.
5
Ѵ Ѯ ѡ pտpѮ߬ p ߬ p߽ p ߫p p߽ѡ ѡ ɫ߿߬ XX Ѭ. ߬, 1216 2000.
6
ᬫ߬ . ӫԫѮ ߫ 쿬 ӡ߬// . ǽ, 1998. N45.
.2430.
7
濡 , Ҽѡ, Һ ߽ ѡ-Ӭ߽ҪѽѮ Ӵ ᡬ-߬ ѻտ: ԫԿ. 2- ѡ. ., 2002. 280.
.12.
8
ᡬ-߬ Կӫ. .: - "", " Կѽ ߿ ѽ", 2002. 416.
.12.
9
ӿԿ߬ ɫ߿ "".
ԫ ԫ ӫԫѴ ߫ ӡ߬ ѽټ
10
ѪҺ߬ ߫ᵿ "ūӫ" ūӫ ԫ ӫ.
11
. Ԭ ߽ ݡ. .
12
ٮ ѡٮ "ἴ ѡ ".
ѽ
1.
ѡ 쿬 ޫ
(c) . ҽ