ӡ ѽ ᡫ 
     ӫѡ 1861 
    ѡ ӫѡ 29 
    ߴ ӫѡ 12 
    ԫ ӫѡ Ӽ߬ ., ޽߬ . (߬ ., ޽߬ .), . 
    Ѯ 
    ū ᡡټ [1] Ἷ — ӡޫ.
    ū ᡡټ [3] —  ӫѡ — 1863.
    ɫߴ Ѽ ԫѡ ѡ 쿬Կ ӡ һ
    ǽѬ ǽѬӫ ( ޽). Ѽ ӡ ٽ
    11 Ѯ: ߿, ѽ, Ӭ, ´, ὿, ӿ, , ǡ,
    , ཿ, ӿ. ޿ ١ — ѽ ߿ ߬ү
    իү Ѽӿ, 񡿮 ١ ´ — ӿ߬ ի ,
    ޿, Ӭ, — ƫ߬ү իү Ѽӿ. ١ ߽
    ὿ ѡ߽Ҫѽ, .߿ .Ӭ — ѡἿ ӫ߬
    .ū߬ , .´ — ٽ ᬫ ߿-ӿ߬
    Ӭ .߬. ūԿ ӿ .ᡡ ӿ߬ ѻտ
    ѡ߬ ὿ ѽἿ, ӫ ޽ Ҫ ڿ .
    ѽ ٽ ޿ ١ .ᡡ
    [ 1918.] [1918.]
      ẫ᡿
        ߬ ի Ѽӿ
         ᡿ 1886 
        ū߽ ᡿ ի󡫮 Ѽӿ ѽ ӡ һ Ѯ
        ཿ ӫ󡫮, ӫիѮ ԫ һ߬ Ѽ, ӫѮ
        񡫮 ӿ
      Ҭѡ
        Ѯ 
        1886 
        ū߽ Ҭѡ ѡ ٽ ѡ ߽Ҫѡ ѽ
        ҽ߬ ޽߬ Ѻ
      Ҫѡ
        Ӽ߬ ., ޽߬ ., .ҽ߬, Ӭ .ѫ ū񫡫ߵ 
        Ѯ 
          1886 
        ѽ ٽ ѡٮ ᪡ٮ Ѯ, ӫѡٮ
        Կ XIX Ѭ. ԫ Ѽ, ҽ߬ ߽Ҫ .ѽ,
        Ҫ իߴ ի ߫ԫ: ѡ 󿽿 ޿ ڿ.
        1890. ա , ߻ ԡ Ӭ
        ӫӫ 꽿, ӿ޽ ẫ.
        ԫ Ѽ ٽ ߽ټ .. 򽫻 ӫ
        ѡ ߻. ū ԫ, Ѽ ӿի񿽫 ߫
        ߽Ҫѡ Ѯ ѻ Ӭ ѽѡ ѫ ū񫡫ߵ,
        ӿի, ѽ ߬ ԡ ѡ, ٽ 6 ߴ
        ѽѬ.
        1894. Ӵ Կ Ἣ Ὣ ѡ ѡ Ӭ
        ӫӫ 꽿, . ԫ Ѽѡ Ҫ ѽ
        ԫ —  ´-ѽ߬ Ӭ ߬
        ӿ߬ Ѻ
        Ӽ߬ ., ӿ߬ ., .߬ , ´-ѽ߬ Ӭ 
        Ѯ 
         ᡿ 1895 
        ߴ ᡿ 3 
        1894. ٽ ѡ ѡ.
        1895. .ѽ ѼѮ .-Ԭ߬
        Ӽ߬ ., ӿ߬ ., .-Ԭ߬ , ߻ѡ߬ Ӭ 
        Ѯ 
        䫽 տԫ ( 1910.), ٮ 2- ߬ ( 1915.) 
          1895 
        ߴ  3 
         ᡿ 1918 
        .ѽ ӡ ӫ߽Ҫ -Ԭ߬ 23 ߬Կ
        ٽ Ѽ ӿիἿ.
        ū ߻᡿ ӫѡ, ٽ ӫ, ӫټ ѽѬ,
        ߫ Ӭ ᡫѡ.
        ӿ . 1900. ԫ ӫ 󴡡 Ӭ󡫮 ٽ ӫѡ
        ѽѺ ѡ ҡѡ.
        ѡ 1904. ٽ ѡ Ἷ󬫮, 1909. — ߡټ
        ԫ.
        1910. .ѽ ٽ ạѡ տԫӫ 2- ߬
        ӿ߬ Ѻ 1911.
        1915. ߫ԫ ټ 2- ӿ߬ Ѻ.
        Ѽ ӡ ӫ񿽫 ӫ Ѯ: ӿ ཿ ١ 쿬.
        ެ ཿ ٽ իӫޫ ẫᡡ ѡڿ, ѻ Ѽѵ
        ᡵҺ߬ ٬. ߫ѡ, ٽ Ѻ ᡿, - ԫӫ
        Ҽ Ѽ ӫ, ԫ, ߻᡿ ӫѡ,
        ѡѼ ѡ Ѻ ӫ ӫߴ ӫټ.
        1908., ӿ ӫ ԫ ѡ, ެ ཿ ߬. ġ ٽ
        իӫѡ -Ԭ߬ .
        ԫ 1908. Ҽ ѵ Ѵ — ѡ ᡡ ӡ.
        ., ǽѬ ǽѬӫ, ӫ — 
        ߬ 1934. 90 (իӫѡ ᡫ߬
        .ӿ).
        Կ . իӫ ẫ᡿: 쿬 ӿԫ, ӿ
        ӿ߬ ѻտ ѡ߬ .
        󫽯Ѯ .ѽ -Ԭ߬ : ١ 쿬 ߴ
        Ӽ, ޽ Ҫ ѡ, ӫѽ
        ѽѺ ӫ ߬ — ԫ 󫡿߬ (߿߬).
        ཿ ӿ߬ ѻտ ѡ߬ .
        1917. ޽ Ҫ ѽ Ӽ 쿬 Ӽ.
        ѡ ߫὿ ӿ, Ӽ 쿬 Ҫ ӫ
        Ԭ ٽ ӫ. ᬫ Կ Ҫѡ ٽ ߴ
        ѡ 
         ѡ 1894 
        Ἷ 
         ѡ 1904 
        ߡٮ  
         ѡ 1909 
        Ӽ߬ ., ӿ߬ ., .-Ԭ߬  
          1918 
        ߴ  6 
        ԫ 1918. ߴ ݻѡ ߬ 󫮡. -Ԭ߬
        ߻ߴ Կ һѡ ի߽ᵬ ߬, Ѽ޿ߴ ӿ.
        1918 ߡ ۴󿽿 -Ԭ߬ ᵿ,
        ᬫ, Ѻ, Ҫ ߻޿ һ Ӵ ߡ Ӽ.
        ƫ Ҭ᡿ ѽ ԡ ѻ ٽ ԫ ԡ
        "Կ߬ Ѵѽ" ѽ, ԫټ ߡ ԡ߽ . ӡ
        ١ 쿬Ѽ Ѽ Ӽᡫ 쿬Ѽ Ӽټ, ᬪ Ѭԫټ
        ӿիἿ ߻ѡ߬ Ӭ — -ỿᡫ ..ᡫ߬ ..ӫټ,
        ԫ ԫ ӡ޿ߴ ӫԫ ӫ 󫮡 ޿
        ѡ; ..ӫټ ..ӫټ, ߽񡿮 ԫ ٽ
        ӫ Ӭ߬ ѡ , үѮ -Ԭ߬ լߡټ
        Ѽ ԫ; ߽Ҫڿ ߡ ..὿ټ;
        ..߬; ѡ Ѯ ߫ѡ ..ٽѪټ .
        Ѻ ӿ, ٽ ᬽѡ ᡿ Կ
        "Ǽӿ߬".
        1918. ᵿ Ե ١
        ӿիἿ Ӭ Ѻ ӫ ѽ ѡ .Ἷ (Ἷ߬)
      ᬽѡ
        Ӽ߬ ., .ӿ, ԯ ᡿ Կ "Ǽӿ߬" 
          1918 
        ߴ  6 
         ᡿ 1918 
        ӫ ѽ ᬽѡ, ѡ: ԼὫ
        ߽ ԡ Կ, ѡ ߬ ԡ , ߼Ӵ
        ѽ᡿ ӿ ѡԿ, ߼ ӿҼ ߫
        һѡ.
        ޿ Һ ԫ Կ ӫ񡫮 ѽ, ᬫ ٽ

        Ӽ߬ ., ӿ߬ ., .-Ԭ߬  
          1918 
        ߴ  7 
        ߬ ߫ԫߴ ԫӡٮ ѡ ѽѮ -Ԭ߬
        . ū ߬ ӫѡ, ԫ ԯެ, ཿ
        ҪѼ, ١ 쿬, , Ҫ὿ .
        ԫ Ѽ ӫ 󿽿 ѽ ԡ ߫ѻ, ӿ޿
        .󽫼.
           " ԫ?! ԫ իԿ ԫ 󿡡 ѡ?"

        — һߴ Ӽ 쿬.
           ", ?!"

        — ӿ὿ —  ὿ ߡ ӫ: ., Ӽ Ӽ
        쿬.
        , ԫᡡټ, Ѻ ӿ,
        ߻Ӵѡ ӿ߬ Ѻ ߫ѻ
      ᬽѡ
        Ӽ߬ ., .ӿ, ԡٮ Ѫ ҽ (?) 
          1918 
        ߴ  7 
         ᡿ 1918 
        ѡ ᡿ 20 
        ߴ ᡿ 7 
        ᬽѡ Һ ٽ, ӫԡ, ԡٮ Ѫ .
        ཿ ԫ Ե Ҫ, , ӿ,
        Ҫ ԡ
      1918 
      ѡ 20 
      ߴ 7 
      ѽ 
      ԫ Ӽ߬ ., ӿ߬ ., ߬ , 5 .Ἷ 
      ԫ իӫѡ Ӽ߬ ., .ӿ, ѽѡ ɫ, Ѭӫ ǽѬӫ-߬ ѡ߬ Ӵ 
      , 7/20 1918. Һ ٽ ٺ ߫ѻ.
      ߬Ὣ "߬ ", ѽ ߫ѻ
      տ ѡ Ӭ ӫ߿ ӿѡ, Ѽ ὿
      , ߫ѡ ѡ.
      Ѽ ٺ὿ Ӵ ߡӼѮ, ԫټ ٽ ӿᡫ Կ ԫᡡ
      .Ἷ߬. ᬫ ӿ ԫ ߡӼѮ ٽ ᡫ
      Ѭ ᮡ ߻Ӵѡ. ԫᡡ ޽ ӫ, .
      ի ӫ Կ ѽ Ἷ߬, Ѭ ҽ, ԫ
      ߡӼѮ, ޿ ԫ Կ-Կ ԫᡡ,
      ߽ߴ Ѻỡٮ ӿ:
          " ӿ ߴ!"
      ߽ Կ Ӵҽ ѽ. ڿ ޿ Ե
      ӫ ߻ԡ —  ӫ, -ỿ ᡫ߬
      ߽Ҫ ὿ ѽ߬ ѽ Կ һ ߻.
      ..ӫ, ߼Ӵ Դѽ ѡ, ߻ѽ ߻Կߴ ӿԫү
      , ٽ ԫټ ѽ.
      Ӽ 쿬 Ӽ, ߿ ѡٮ Ҭ, Ѫ, ӿ ӫ
      ߬ Ӵ ߫᡿ ٽ ޿ ߡӼѮἿ.
      쿬 ӡ .ӫ ӫ߿ Ѫ ạ ԫӫ
      , ߼Ӵ ԫ, ԫ ٽ Ԭ ߿ٮ , ߻߽.
      12/25 1918. ӿ һ Կ 3- ի߽ᵬ ѽ
      ѡ߬ ᬫ ڿ ᡿Ѽ 󡿬 ..髮ի߬.
      ޽ Ҭ ѽ.
      ᡬ Ե ӡ ٽ Ҫѡ Ѻ ߴ
      ߽ ѽ.
      11/24 ߫ԫ ѡ.
      Ĭ 񿡡Կ ߫ ӫ, ߬ , ӫ ѽἿ
      ѡ ٽ ԫӪѡ ѡ ѽѡѼ. ߽ѡ ӫ߿
      իѡ ߫ӫѡ ѡ Ѯ ѡ ҽ
      -ƿ߬ ѡ߬ ӯ. Ե ޿
      ԫӪѡ Իѽ ǽѬӫ-߬ ߫ ѽ իӫ
      Ӵ Ѯ ߬ ( ѽ ӫ).
      ӫѡ ԫ ὿ :
      ӿѺ . ཿ. ū ߻᡿
      ѡ, ཿ Ҭ Ե Ҫ Ἷ
      . ᬫ Ѯ ѡ .
      ԫ 1919 ӿ ٽ ᡴ ߡټ.
      1920- . -ƿ߬ ٽ , Ѭӫ,
      ߻޿ߴ ǽѬӫ-߬ ߫, ѻѡ 󡴽 ѼѮ.
      Կ ԫ ѡ . ߴ 󫺼ټ.
      ١ ., 쿬 һ ѽټ ߿߬, ߴ
      Ѯ ӫߴ , ߽
      ѡߴ ѽ ١ ӿ.
      ԯެ ཿ , ԫ Ѽ, ӫ޽ Ե
      ҪѼ, ٽ Ѽѡ, Ѭ 1918. ӫ ѡ —  쿡.
      ġ ١Ҫѡ ٽ ߬ߴ ѡ ὿.
      ཿ -Ԭ߬ ѽѮ,
      1924. ԫӿ ޽ Ҫ —  ѻѽ 諡Կ 轿ѡ
      . ġ ὿ ߬ , Ѻ ӫ
      . ཿ ߯ ӫ ެ,
      ߬ 1991. 92 ߡ߬ , ߴ Ѽ
      1937.
    ᡫᵿ
      ѡѡ ѡ ѽ ӡ 
       17/07/2002 
      Ѽ ᡫӫ տѮ߬ ߬ ߽󡫮 Ӭ, 13–16 2000. ѡٮ 濡, Ļѽѡ 17 2002. 
      ԫ  ӿ߬ ѻտ 
      䡿 ἴԿ
        1
          ѡ ߻񡿬 ɫ߿߬ 
          ߬ѡ, 25.01/07.02
        2
          ٮ Կ 07.07 
          ٮ Կ 20.07 
          ѡ ѡ߬ (1918.) 
    ᵿ ->
    ѽ ->
      1. 諼߿ ᡫᵿ ӿ߬ ѻտ.
    䫬Ҽѡ ->
      1.滿߫ ѡ ѡ ӿ߬ ѻտ, ѻ߿ӫᡡ 1918 (߫ѡ տټ ӿ)
      2.ӡ N 35 ᡿ ѡ 濡 ߬ ߽󡫮 Ӭ 17 2002.

(c) . ҽ